a definable element of a system, which forms part of a component or system, but does not necessarily have independent operational functionality

any road vehicle with more than two wheels that is configured for normal road use with at least two segments, and for which each adjacent pair of segments is connected by a joint, and for which propulsion is provided by at least one segment

object in front of the subject vehicle that is moving at less than MAX [1,0 m/s, 10 % of the subject vehicle speed] in the direction of the centreline of the subject vehicle

vehicle not in the path of the subject vehicle (SV), and entirely ahead of a line touching the SV front bumper at only one point and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the SV

forward adjacent vehicle that has a lateral component of motion towards the path of the subject vehicle

vehicle that has stopped in a traffic lane or on the shoulder of the roadway

vehicles, both moving and stationary, considered potential hazards that can be detected by this system

EXAMPLE Motor vehicles only, that is cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles.

object with a specific material, geometry and surface for testing the monitoring range

NOTE This test object should give comparable results for the relevant sensor types.

part in which the forces opposing the movement of the vehicle develop

NOTE 1 It can be a friction brake (when the forces are generated by friction between two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); an electrical brake (when the forces are generated by electro-magnetic action between two parts of the vehicle moving relatively but not in contact with one another); a fluid brake (when the forces are generated by the action of a fluid situated between two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); an engine brake (when the forces are derived from an artificial increase in the braking action, transmitted to the wheels, of the engine).

component that detects objects in the monitoring range

NOTE There are a variety of sensor principles listed below which could be used. The most common principle is the flight time measurement (e.g. radar, lidar, sonar). Active sensor elements create a pulsed or continuously modulated field of microwaves, (infrared) light, or ultrasonic sound. The reflected energy due to an object in the detection area is received, and the distance to the object is measured. The lateral position of the object is estimated based on the beam or field directional characteristics, or based on the timing relationships between sensors with overlapping coverage areas. Alternative principles include distance measurement by triangulation principle and passive sensor systems using image processing.